A Safe Haven For Undocumented Immigrants - 1419 Words

Sanctuary cities are communities that provide a safe haven for undocumented immigrants. These municipalities create local legislation that prohibits police officers from enforcing federal immigration laws and cooperating with federal immigration officials. (McFadyen, 2016). The term â€Å"sanctuary cities† is not an official, legal term but rather a colloquially coined term which has come to mean a city where immigrants, legal and illegal alike, are safe from unwanted and unwarranted harassment (Texas Tribune). While not a new concept in Texas, these cities have been receiving much more attention and are the topic of renewed conversation. All of this recent scrutiny has been due to Senate Bill 185, which was proposed by Senator Charles Perry in the 84th legislature. Senate Bill 185 was proposed to cut all state funding for governmental entities that hold policies which forbid peace officers from inquiring about the immigration status of a person that has been detained or arres ted (Aguilar, 2015). Sanctuary cities are created by local jurisdiction typically at odds with the legislation of the country and these cities would also have been forced to comply with federal immigration law. To generalize, the intent of the bill is to ban â€Å"sanctuary city policies.† Sanctuary cities were originally created with the idea of keeping police officers from harassing immigrants who were in the country legally. The intent was to create safe zones but now there are more illegal immigrants thanShow MoreRelatedUndocumented Students Should Not Be A Higher Education1202 Words   |  5 PagesUndocumented students have a harder time trying to pursue a higher education; this is due to the fact that they cannot receive federal aid. College is like a safe haven for these undocumented students. Higher education gives undocumented students the opportunity to better themselves as individuals. Higher education also allows undocumented students to pursue a better life for themselves and for their family. Every year over 65,000 undocumented students graduate from high school in the United StatesRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1380 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge W. Bush once said, â€Å"I’ve seen what immigrant families add to our country. They bring the values that made us a great nation to begin with.† In light of the recent presidential election, more and more attention has been brought to the question of what to do with the influx of illegal immigrants coming from the southern border. Most of America’s undocumented population has traveled a treacherous journey from Latin American countries and through the southern border. Many politicians have proposedRead MoreRise Of The American Sanctuary Movement. Before Addressing1522 Words   |  7 PagesRise of the American Sanctuary Movement Before addressing the contemporary concerns surrounding immigration and undocumented immigrants, it is fundamental to address the historical antecedents to today’s widespread undocumented immigration population as well as the elicited political response carried out by the Reagan Administration during the 1980s. In the heart of the Cold War, the United States actively supported and funded the El Salvadorian government — a military government that ran deathRead MoreThe Importance of an Immigration Reform949 Words   |  4 PagesThere is eleven million undocumented people living in the dark shadows of the United States. People who come to the land of the free seeking a safe haven from political and religious oppression, a better economic income, and a brighter future for their loved ones. However, when they arrive they quickly notice that the â€Å"american dream† is not easy to obtain. Currently, many believe now is the time for an immigration reform. A refor m to stop the separation of millions of families and help healRead MoreAliens Of The Human Kind1149 Words   |  5 Pagesprosperity. An illegal immigrant is defined as anyone who moves to a country with intent on living there, without any form of identification. Illegal immigration comes into play when people do not follow the guidelines during the immigration process. Today there are many issues that surround immigration: reformation of the system, amnesty, and the over effects. This raises the question, just how do undocumented immigrants affect the US, politically, socially, and economically? Many immigrants are currentlyRead MoreIllegal Immigration : The Us, Politically, Socially, And Economically1515 Words   |  7 Pagesprosperity. An illegal immigrant is defined as anyone who moves to a country with intent on living there, without any form of identification. Illegal immigration comes into play when people do not follow the guidelines during the immigration process. Today there are many issues that surround immigration: reformation of the system, amnesty, and the over effects. This raises the question, just how do undocumented immigrants affect the US, politically, socially, and economically? Many immigrants are currentlyRead MoreWhat Is The Cons Of The Texas Sanctuary City Ban?1185 Words   |  5 Pagessigned into law by Gov. Greg Abbott. SB4 requires local law enforcement, including campus police, to comply with the requests of federal immigration authorities and investigators. It also bans cities from creating their own ordinances to protect immigrants from being asked questions about their citizenship by authorities. Cities that decline to cooperate with federal immigration authorities may be subject to losing state grant funds, which could potentially cause critical programs to be defunded.Read MoreImmigration And The United States967 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica if not for immigration is what has made America because most of the people in this country are immigrants and from different parts in the world. Countries such as China, Germany, Japan and many others have contributed to the population the United States. Even the oldest populations, the Native Americans from other country. However, some of our neighbors to from South Mexico, many undocumented illegal, flocked to America illegally as a consequence of bad economics and poor living conditionsRead MoreBernie Sanders : A Strong, Democratic Standpoint?1210 Words   |  5 PagesThrough a strong, democratic standpoint, Bernie Sanders has one of the strongest resolutions to immigration. Being in a family of immigrants himself, Sanders understands a lot of viewpoints from the immigrants. To solve these problems, Bernie has come up with an elaborate, six step plan. This plan covers making it easier to get a visa, making it easier to bring your family when you immigrate, and making equal and fair trade rights. This plan will be a major step towards solving the task at hand.Read MoreA Strong, Democratic Stand Point, By Bernie Sanders1212 Words   |  5 PagesThrough a strong, democratic stand point, Bernie Sanders has one of the strongest resolutions to immigration. Being in a family of imm igrants himself, Sanders understands a lot of viewpoints from the immigrants. To solve these problems, Bernie has come up with an elaborate, six step plan. This plan covers making it easier to get a visa, making it easier to bring your family when you immigrate, and making equal and fair trade rights. This plan will be a major step towards solving the task at hand

The Australian Invasion Of Iraq 2003 Power, Identity,...

The Australian Invasion of Iraq 2003: Power, Identity, and an Uncertain Future Foreign policy decision-makers are not omnipotent enlightened individuals who can calmly evaluate all available information, assign relative values, and reflectively consider options. Instead, foreign policy is determined by individuals, as a collective, attempting to comprehend a bewildering array of information sources while influenced by personal emotion, relationships, and a subjective understanding of history. Theory, henceforth, is simplification of reality predisposed to emphases certain facts while degrading others. In explaining the reasons for Australia’s invasion of Iraq in 2003, neoclassical realism and constructivism will be applied in deepening the rationale exploration. The systemic, national, and individual facets of this decision are examined supported discussing surrounding social rules, identity, perceptions, and the US-Australian alliance. Neoclassical realism combined structural realist theories with a deep unit-specific analysis to inform understandings o f foreign policy where it is assumed states seek increases in relative power. Constructivism, however, is as social science allows for analysists to drill down into relationships and individuals to determine the its socially formatted nature. Analysis of the International System The US-Australian alliance requires some explanation. At its basis, it pertains to the ANZUS treaty signed between Australia, New Zealand, and theShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 Pagesbut provides generalizations. These generalizations are based upon careful research and observation and offer people with simple guidelines on a country or culture. These guidelines simply act as an intercultural safety net people can turn to when uncertain. Only through experience can people really apply true intercultural knowledge and competency. Intercultural Training and the Iceberg Model Many people question what culture is. How can it be defined? What analogies can be used to describe it? InRead MoreDubais Political and Economic Development: Essay38738 Words   |  155 Pagesthe last ten years, has used intricate marketing schemes, promotions, Scott Macleod, Dubais Oasis, Time (January 26,2004). For images of the hotel see the Appendix. Jefkey Sampler and Saeb Eigner , Sand to Silicon (London: Profile Books, Ltd., 2003) 15-17. For an image of one of the Palms, see the Appendix. 9 Sampler and Eigner 20. 10 Jim Krane, Latest Luxury Trend: Man-Made Persian Gulf Islands, The Associated Press (February 27, 2005). 11 Sampler and Eigner 1; Jim Krane, Dubai Tower to BringRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesGerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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Postmodernism as a philosophy: the ultimate challengeRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  PAGE NUMBER IN THE BOOK 605 608 619 625 629 652 662 667 677 685 694 708 712 718 727 733 740 746 CASE Ministry of Sound – rapid growth but a questionable future in the music industry. Pharmaceutical Industry – global forces at work in the ethical pharmaceutical industry. TUI – competitive forces in the travel industry. HiFi – how can small players survive changing markets? Amazon (B) – latest developmentsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Wilson and Colin Gilligan. All rights reserved The right of Richard M.S. Wilson and Colin Gilligan to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright

Maya Angelou essay Free Essays

This was probably my real father; found each other at last. But then he rolled over leaving me In a wet place and stood up. † (Angelo, 71) A multi award winning author and poet, whom once did not speak for many years. We will write a custom essay sample on Maya Angelou essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the many poems Maya Angelo has written, three of her most famous poems seem to have a similar symbolism. â€Å"Caged Bird†, â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† and â€Å"Still I rise† all deal with her different thoughts and individuality against the standards of society. Maya Angelo sees her past experiences and her thoughts as a symbol of being trapped in the image of society. Maya Angelo was born April 28, 1928, in SST Louis, Missouri. Angelo encountered many life difficulties and had to find alternatives to deal with them rather than being imprisoned In her own mind. Angelo experienced the brutality of racial discrimination, but she also absorbed the unshakable faith and values of traditional African American family, community, and culture. She was raised with her grandmother trying to cope with the emotional trauma of her mother’s boyfriend raping her. No one could deal with the mental state Angelo was in, so she had to move to Arkansas. Angelinos secretly admired a childhood mentor, Mrs†¦ Flowers. Mrs.. Flowers reminded Slavery lasted for nearly two centuries. As a slave, it was very important that the slave’s spirit be broken so he can never even think about rebelling against his master. The chains prevented him from his freedom, he â€Å"can seldom see through his bars of rage† (Angelo). Often, the slave sang a song, for comfort, or for a potential gateway of freedom. Some readers say that â€Å"Caged Bird† Is written as a reference awards slaves, and the difference between a â€Å"Free Bird leaps on the back of the wind and floats downstream†(Angelo) whereas a â€Å"Caged Bird sings for a fearful trill of things Angelo uses herself as a symbol of being trapped in â€Å"Caged Bird†. Her parents spilt when she was very young, and was raised by her mother and grandmother. It was not until the age of seven when Angelo was raped by her mother’s former boyfriend. She told her uncles, and a few days later her mother’s boyfriend was found dead. Being that she felt as if her words killed the an, she put herself on a literal mute for several years. She was imprisoned in her own mind, a cage in which she built herself. Throughout the poem she compares a free bird to a caged bird. The Free Bird being someone In society and a caged bird, representing herself, trapped In society. Angelinos voice was â€Å"heard on distant hill for the caged bird sings of freedom† (Angelo) Angelo to expresses her thoughts of her confidence In â€Å"Phenomenal Woman†. As an African American woman during the segregation era, Angelo was definitely faced with much racial discrimination. Her blue eyes with a petite, super model fugue. The tone of the poem is that of a strong, confident woman who does not bother what society think about her. She finds happiness in her womanhood. She describes what society standards are and her reaction towards their viewpoint on the type of woman she is. She’s â€Å"not cute or built to suit a fashion model’s size but when I start to tell them, they think I’m telling lies. † (Angelo) Despite her appearance, her head is not bowed, but her confidence is known in every room she’s in. How to cite Maya Angelou essay, Essays

Women in Politics Essay Example For Students

Women in Politics Essay Beginning with the early nineteen hundreds, women from all over the country have bounded together, forming leagues and clubs for equal rights. However, it wasnt until today â€Å"at the dawn of the twenty-first century, states and international community can no longer refute the fact that humanity is made up of two sexes, not just one† (Oliveria 26). Why has the woman’s move for equality just now started to balance itself out? Well, the answer is quite simple; women are just now being looked at as semi-equals. They are beginning to become corporate executives in businesses, and popular in the field of medicine and law. Women have tried hard to push themselves forward in society to create a balanced and harmonious economy and so far it has been successful. Barriers of all kinds have been broken, well, all except a few, mainly in politics and with the information I have collected I will show why. Politics†¦when one stops and thinks of the word â€Å"politics† what naturally comes to mind? Our founding fathers, Presidents George Washington, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson; the popular political figures of today, President Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Al Gore; or do we think about Belva Ann Lockwood, Jeannette Rankin, Frances Perkins, and Eugenie Moore who? When Americans think about politics, Lyn Kathlene, journalist for the â€Å"Higher Education Chronicles,† states that â€Å"ninety-five percent of the time they envision a man who is in charge of running, or helping to run, their country.† Is society to blame for this misconception that women do not hold important roles in government and participate in making important decisions for our country? Not really, people just don’t hear or read about women in politics as often as they do about men. As most people learn throughout elementary and junior high or middle school, our nation first for med government in 1776 when Thomas Jefferson first drafted our constitution. During this time women did not have a role in government, nor would they for the next one hundred and eight years, until a woman would try to run for office. â€Å"In 1884, Belva Ann Lockwood – the first woman to try a case before the United States Supreme Court – ran for Presidency† (Arenofsky 14). Well, to no surprise she lost, but her groundbreaking campaign made it possible and easier for Jeannette Rankin, thirty-three years later, to run and become elected to Congress for the state of Montana. However, even with this groundbreaking experience, women were still looked down upon for their lack of experience. It wasn’t until 1920 when womens suffrage ended and the nineteenth amendment to the constitution, granting women the right to vote, that women were formally introduced into politics. However, even with voting privileges, women were still looked at as weak feeble creatures. The lack of confidence and the inability to be seen as strong-minded females who were not afraid to voice their opinion hurt the female gender immensely. It wasn’t until â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, crisscrossed the country speaking about social problems and serving as the quintessential role model for the politically active female† that women began to witness how to present themselves with confidence (Arenofsky 14). Finally, with womens confidence on the rise and their new understanding and attitudes toward government, women were starting to attain a higher status in the political arena. The big break for women came from the decision by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who in 1933 appointed Frances Perkins to the cabinet as Secretary of labor (Hogan 4). With this big break, women were finally moving forward in government and there was no looking back. So, after all of this hard work and dedication by early feminists to achieve a voice in politics, was it worth the struggles and did it pay off? Rosiska Darcy de Oliveria, journalist for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Courier, believes so. She states, womens rise to power and their participation in politics are the vital signs of a healthy democracy, which would make good sense since the United States is a free country where everyone is suppose to be equal to their neighbor (26). However, others believe that political wome n are

The Allegory Of The Cave Essays (1044 words) - Platonism, Analogy

The Allegory Of The Cave ?The Allegory of the Cave,? by Plato: Theory of Dimensions In Plato's' The Allegory of the Cave, allows an individual to realize that which they already know. The situation in the cave seems dark and gloomy, like a place no one would ever want to go. However, the reality is that some people are at a point in their lives where that is where they are, in their own ?cave?. The people that are in Plato's' cave, the prisoners, have always been there. They all have their legs and necks chained and cannot move. They cannot turn their necks or bodies to look around them. The cave is very dark and there is a fire in the distance. There is a wall in front of them and men are frequently carrying tools and vessels and various shaped objects with them. This creates different shaped shadows for the prisoners to view. All that they have seen or ever known is what is in front of them, a two-dimensional world. A two-dimensional world would represent people that only saw what was in front of them. Plato said to Glaucon, ? To them, I said, the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images.? One could only imagine, never seeing or having any previous knowledge of people or objects, only shadows on a wall. Like some people today, all the prisoners know is what is in front of them, a warped perception of reality. If a person only accepts what is in front of them, they too are living in a two-dimensional world. The shadows, to the prisoners are reality because it is all that they have ever known. They don't know that they are distorted and are a reflection of something that is real. One example that Plato might use if he were alive today would be a movie theatre. The movie projector would be the fire. The film showing would be the shadows reflected on the wall. The viewers are the prisoners. The shadows on the wall can be compared to most movies that are viewed today because they are not reality but a warped representation of it. If the viewer or prisoner chooses to accept what is in front of them as reality then they are in a sense choosing to live in a two-dimensional world. A prisoner would have to believe that there is more to life than what has been put in front of them in order to change the situation and advance into a three-dimensional world. In a three-dimensional world people are able to interact with one another and use their senses. One would accept and be able to understand a new reality. For example, if the prisoners were released, they would be curious to turn around and look behind them or walk towards the light, it is human nature. It would also be hard to do. The light would burn their eyes and the outside world would be a major change and might be hard to accept. Naturally, the prisoners would be scared and hesitant, but in order to move into the next world, one must be strong and escape from the cave in order to find a true reality. Once they seek the knowledge and good things in life that make a person happy, they will be living in a three-dimensional world. Plato thought, my opinion is that in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort; and, when seen, is also inferred to be the universal author of all things beautiful and right.? For one to live in a three d imensional world, they would not sit back and choose to accept what is in front of them as reality. A person that lives in a two-dimensional world is not truly happy. They have not sought out knowledge or searched for true happiness. For the prisoners trapped in the cave to not ever dream or imagine other realities is showing that they accept where they are in life. It takes a person to truly search for better things in life and simple pleasures to break free from their two-dimensional world

Venezuela Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Venezuela Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Venezuela THE THIRD WORLD NATION OF VENEZUELA Venezuela, officially Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is the sixth largest country in South America, unique in landscape, flora, fauna, and wild life that rivals the larger nations in South America. In fact, due to it's uniqueness, Venezuela is as much a Caribbean country as it is a South American one. Venezuela lies at the northern extreme of South America, bordered by Columbia to the West, Brazil to the South, Guyana to the East, and the Caribbean Sea to the North. The country is just over 900,000 square kilometers , divided into 23 states. The area includes stretches of the Andes Mountains, huge areas of Amazonian rain forest, fertile plains, miles of Caribbean shoreline and even a small desert. The nation also has two geographical superlatives, the world's highest waterfall and South America's biggest lake. Because of its proximity to the Equator, Venezuela experiences few climatic variations, just two seasons, dry [December to April] and wet [May to November] and an average temperature of 27C. Whatever economic development has occurred in Venezuela, is largely due to the enormous natural

SARS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SARS - Essay Example Other members of the coronavirus group are known to cause common cold and croup in humans (Ramanujan K, 2009). SARS has gained attention for the fact that within a few weeks it spread from the Guangdong province of China and infected human population in 37 countries around the world (Smith, 2006). Signs and Symptoms: Initial symptoms with coronavirus (SARS-CoV) encompass flu like fever, Myalgia, lethargy, gastrointestinal symptoms, cough, sore throat and other vague symptoms. The symptoms common to all patients is fever above 38 C, shortness of breath. Symptoms do not occur immediately but appear within 2-10 days following exposure and about 10-20% cases require mechanical ventilation. History: Infection by SARS-CoV (called as SARS-associated coronavirus) was first identified in Hong Kong, US and Germany (Ksiazek, Drosten, Peiris 2003a, Poutanen). It was first observed in Chinese province of Guangdong and was internationally reported on 11th February 2003 (WHO, WER 11/ 2003). Initially it was assumed to be associated to a newly emerged influenza virus.

An absolute moral standard in the USA in 2015 is following intuition, Essay

An absolute moral standard in the USA in 2015 is following intuition, reflecting and respecting diversity and the role religion does not play in shaping a persons morality - Essay Example There is simplicity in the believer’s perceptive of morality, right and wrong, and that religion does not play a part in shaping a person’s morality. Scriptures differentiate what is right and wrong. It is basically obeying without asking for reasons why you should. For many believers, morality means doing right for fear of God, or in effort to avoid fires of Hell. Based on authoritative goal, this perception is deficient of complete code of rules. Christians for instance, have conflicts over simple moral questions (Packham, 19). Morality recognizes and evaluates diversity in the human cultures and strong morality intuition. High moral grounds appear to be such a crowded place in the sense that religious individuals seem less successful than their non-religious counterparts (Singer). An absolute moral principle lies beyond conformity and devotion to religious beliefs whether it’s Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Taoism, Neopaganism and Unitarianism among others. The critiques to the religious role of upholding moral standards argue that immoral acts have been committed in the history of religion. The Bible’s book of Exodus quotes that God gave his servant Moses instructions to murder the Midianites, all of their women, men, boys and non-virgin girls. In itself, this act of brutally depriving people of their life, they argue, is not moral. Incalculable conflicts have also been evidenced in the Islam religion between the Shiite and the Sunni Muslims. The United States have witnessed terror activities that have been fuelled by extremist Muslims. Members of the widely known Alkaeda network consisting of suicide bombers, aboard commercial airlines and divert flights to key predetermined targets. The 9/11 was the date the planes hit the World Trade Towers resulting in deaths of thousands and injuries of many others (Singer and Hauser). The extremism purports

Plastic bags should be concerned more before it poisons our planet Term Paper

Plastic bags should be concerned more before it poisons our planet - Term Paper Example There were even 63 identified uses of plastic bags, specifically Walmart bags. (Trucker 2009) However, as the world progressed and the environment began to be clogged by these plastic bags, its harmful effects could not be idly dismissed. It is in this regard that this essay is written to determine the effects of plastic bags in our environment. After briefly tracing the origins of the plastic bags, the essay would initially present its uses and its over-consumption and discuss its ultimate effects in our environment. Finally, this essay would suggest recommendations address the issues concerning the harmful effects of these plastic bags in the environment. The first identified use for plastic bags is to wrap food products. In 1969 Appierdo (2008) presented that â€Å"the New York City Sanitation Department’s ‘New York City Experiment’ demonstrates that plastic refuse bag curbside pickup is cleaner, safer and quieter than metal trash can pick-up, beginning a shift to plastic can liners among consumers†. The 1970s likewise marked more uses for plastic bags as recognized by retail giants such as Sears, J.C. Penney, Montgomery Ward, Jordan Marsh, Allied, Federated, and Hills. (Appierdo 2008) During the 1990s, the technology for recycling enabled the plastic bags to transform its utilization to other productive benefits. Barnard (2007) stipulated that â€Å"with some trial and error we were able to construct a pretty durable and usable shopping bag.

Title IX Legislation Analysis

Title IX Legislation Analysis Title IX for South Suburban Bulldogs Athletic Department Introduction I. Brief History of Title IX A. Title IX Defined B. The Test C. Equal Pay Act II. Understanding Title IX Athletics Compliance Introduction A. Title IX Coordinator III. The Participation A. Athletics Team for Purposes of Title IX B. Athletics Participant for Title IX Purposes C. The Test IV. Athletic Benefits Opportunities A. The Laundry List Resources to Educate Athletic Staff to Advance Compliance with Title IX A. List of Resources Introduction Our goal is to commit to institutional control by establishing an organization that is operating in full compliance. Title IX law was passed on June 23, 1972 it was intended to end gender discrimination in education. Title IX offers women an equal athletic opportunity to participate in the sports and this law also applies to all educational programs that receive federal funding, and to all aspects of a schools educational system (Weight Zullo 2015, pg.84). An athletic director must make sure that the athletic department as a whole maintains compliance integrity with Title IX or the school may lose its federal funding as well as be brought up on legal allegations. I. Brief History of Title IX A. Title IX Defined No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance (Weight Zullo 2015, pg.84). B. The Test An athletic program can be considered gender equitable when the participants in both the men and women sports programs would accept as fair and equitable the overall program of the other gender. No individual should be discriminated against on the basis of gender, institutionally or nationally, in intercollegiate athletics(Weight Zullo 2015, pg.84). C. Equal Pay Act No covered employer shall discriminate between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working conditions (www.ncaa.org). II. Understanding Title IX Athletics Compliance Introduction The conduct by a university that violates Title IX is sexual harassment, the failure to provide equal opportunity in athletics, and discrimination based on pregnancy. Title IX is enforced by the U.S. Department of Educations Office for Civil Rights along with several compliance enforcement offices throughout the United States. An Athletic Director must have full understanding of Title IX and the educational institutions role in implementing the law which will make the assessment phase meaningful. According to NCAA Title IX policy any educational intuition that receives federal funding must designate at least one employee to coordinate its efforts to comply and carry out the responsibilities under Title IX law and if an educational intuition does not appoint a Title IX coordinator they are failing to comply with Title IX and may face consequences of noncompliance which can include the possibility of losing federal funding for educational programs. (www.ncaa.org). The athletic director can maintain full control of the department when working with Title IX coordinator to stay updated on guidelines or new rule changes to the policy (www.ncaa.org). A. Title IX Coordinator Title IX Coordinator has a responsibility to fully understand Title IX, oversee compliance, development, and implementation of grievance procedures, and the intake, investigation, and resolutions of complaints of noncompliance. The information of Title IX Coordinator must be available to students and employees and this contact information is required on all recruiting materials published by the covered university (www.ncaa.org). III. Participation A. Athletics Team for Purposes of Title IX When assessing compliance in the area of athletics participation, it is first necessary to determine what teams count. The sport test is designed to determine whether programs or activities outside those sponsored by the NCAA such as mens rowing also qualify for inclusion when determining equity. B. Athletics Participant for Title IX Purposes A school must determine what the number of male and female athletics participants. The Policy Interpretation and 1996 Clarification defines a participant as one who receives the institutionally sponsored support normally provided to athletes competing at the institution involved. C. The Test 3Prong Test (1) provide participation proportionate to enrollment(2) show history and continuing practice of program expansion for underrepresented sex; or 3) fully accommodate underrepresented sex. Two-Part Test: 1) provide equivalent levels of competition (2) show upgrade of competitive levels (Mabry 2013, pg.503). IV. Athletic Benefits Opportunities A. The Laundry List Title IX regulations require that institutions provide equal athletics opportunities for members of both sexes. In order to determine whether or not a school provides equivalent athletics benefits and opportunities the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) will review the following laundry list of treatment issues (Weight Zullo 2015, pg.89). Provision and maintenance of equipment and supplies Scheduling of games and practice times Travel and per diem expenses Opportunity to receive tutoring and assignment and compensation of tutors Opportunity to receive coaching, and assignment and compensation of coaches Provision of locker rooms, practice and competitive facilities Provision of medical and training services and facilities Provision of housing and dining services and facilities Publicity Support services Recruiting Resources to Educate Athletic Staff to Advance Compliance with Title IX As an athletic director the first responsibility is to create a fully complied Title IX sports department. Our athletes as well as staff will be advised on all Title IX policies, procedures rules and regulations. Staff heads will keep updated checklist on all things that pertain to Title IX procedures, attend trainings workshops and weekly newsletters to stay current with all changes of Title IX. Each department head will get a copy of the resources listed below so that there is ongoing awareness about all subjects as it pertains to Title IX. The Title IX Coordinator in conjunction with Athletic Director will continue to measure each department on the merits of the 3 prong test. A. List of Resources 1979 Title IX Intercollegiate Athletics A policy interpretation by the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights (OCR) on Title IX and intercollegiate athletics (feminist.org). 2010 Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Clarification The Three Part Test part three (PDF) A clarification letter from the OCR withdrawing the 2005 additional clarification on the three part test part three, and all related documents accompanying it (feminist.org). Equity Assistance Centers Funded by the U.S. Dept. of Education 2011-2014 http://www2.ed.gov/programs/equitycenters/contacts.htmlContact the Civil Rights Act Title IV Equity Assistance Center serving your state. These centers provide technical assistance, training and resources on education equity issues related to gender, race, and national origin to state departments of education, local educational agencies, and schools upon request (feminist.org). National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Gender Equity http://www.ncaa.org/gender_equity and http://www.ncaa.org/lgbt NCAA is a voluntary membership organization through which the nations colleges and universities govern their athletics programs (feminist.org). The Legislative Services Database (LSDBi) is a useful tool for looking up bylaws and bylaw interpretations, which are published responses to specific questions about NCAA guidelines. The LSDBi has the advantage of being updated continuously throughout the year (Weight Zullo 2015, pg.78). Conclusion The Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights created three paths to demonstrate compliance with Title IX. A university will not have to worry about any violations of Title IX when they continue to operate within the margins that the percentages of male and female athletes are about the same as the percentages of male and female students enrolled at the school , that the school has a history and a continuing practice of expanding athletic opportunities for female students, and finally even though it is not offering its female students substantially proportionate opportunities to play sports, the school is nonetheless fully meeting female athletes interests and abilities (Weight Zullo 2015, pg.89). The goal is not to create an atmosphere of tension but of compliance and awareness to all student athletes and staff members. References Ladda, S. (2012). Examining Title IX at 40: Historical Development, Legal Implications, and Governance Structures. Presidents Council on Physical Fitness Sports Research Digest, 13(2), 10-20. Mabry, A. M. (2013). Title IX: Proportionality and walk-ons. The University of Memphis Law Review, 44(2), 497-522. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/1510497892?accountid=28180 Spengler, J., Anderson, P., Connaughton, D., Baker, T. (2010). Introduction to Sport Law. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers. Retrieved on March 6, 2107, From http://www.gallup.com/poll/7663/what-americans-see-title-ixs-future.aspx Weight, E. A., Zullo, R. (2015). Administration of intercollegiate athletics. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. Retrieved on 3/09/17 From http://www.feminist.org/sports/ATHLETICS%20AND%20TITLE%20IX%20RESOURCES_09202013.pdf Retrieved on 3/09/17 From https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/Title_IX%2BCoordinators%2B%2BNCAA%2Bresource%2B2011.pdf Title IX Legislation Analysis Title IX Legislation Analysis ARGUMENT I. Deference should not extend to an opined unpublished agency letter because it does not carry the force of law. [WS1] The United States Department of Educations Office for Civil Rights (OCR) letter presented here should not be awarded deference because the regulation letter argues that the interpretation the language of Title IX is ambiguous. Title IX provides that, no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program that receives Federal financial assistance. 20 U.S.C. ÂÂ § 1681(a); accord 34 C.F.R. ÂÂ §106.1 (emphasis added). OCR issued their letter challenging the interpretation of language on the basis of sex under Title IX, challenging it on the basis that it is not clear as it relates to gender identity. In support of OCRs letter, respondent proffers the legal standard accorded under Auer v. Robbins. There, the Court afforded controlling deference to an agency letter in form of a legal brief by the Secretary of Labor interpreting the language of regulations with regard to overtime pay under Federal legislation. Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 463 (1997). While Auer accords agencies the highest level of deference when interpreting their own regulations, such deference is only warranted in situations where regulatory language is ambiguous, unless the language is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with regulation. Id; see Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Resources Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 (1984);Mission Group Kansas, Inc. v. Riley, 146 F.3d 775 (10th Cir. 1998; Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 45, 113 S.Ct. 1913, 123 L.Ed.2d 598 (1993) (quoting Bowles v. Seminole Rock Sand Co., 325 U.S. 410, 414, 65 S.Ct. 1215, 89 L.Ed. 1700 (1945)). Here, the same level of deference to OCR would be inappropriate because OCR interprets language found under Title IX. Title IX is not an agency regulation, but rather federal law, and deference to an agencys interpretation of its regulation is warranted under Auer v. Robbins only when the regulations language is ambiguous, and that is not the case here. Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 588 (2000) (emphasis added). As such, giving deference to an agencys interpretation of federal law is unwarranted. II. Language under Title IX is unambiguous and clear in its definition of sex. Title IX is clear as to its language, prohibiting discrimination of the basis of sex. When turning to past precedent, many courts have defined the term sex as the biological sex assigned to the person at birth. Johnston v. Univ. of Pittsburgh of Com. System, 97 F.Supp.3d 657, 670 (W.D.Pa. 2015); Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 686, 93 S.Ct. 1764, 36 L.Ed.2d 583 (1973). Here, Title IX is clear in its plain language that sex means to be construed as a persons biological sex rather than the gender they identify with. In fact, Title IX makes no mention at all of gender identity anywhere within its language as to be construed as anything but biological sex. We hold a narrow view of the statutory term sex due to its construction under legislative history. Johnston, 97 F.Supp.3d at 677. Because of prior precedent that holds a narrow meaning to the language under Title IX as it relates to sex, and the lack of reference to a persons perceived gender identity, we have to continue to construe on the basis of sex as meaning a persons biological sex and not gender identity. III. Respondent is not likely not to succeed on the merits because Petitioners restroom policy does not violate Title IX. The District Court did not abuse its discretion denying Petitioners preliminary injunction, because Petitioner had a discretionary right under Title IX to implement its bathroom policy. Schools are allowed to provide separate toilet, locker room, and shower facilities on the basis of sex. 34 C.F.R. ÂÂ §106.33 (emphasis added). They may do this so long as such facilities provided for students of one sex shall be comparable to such facilities provided for students of the other sex. Id. After adopting the restroom policy in dispute, Petitioner installed three single-stall restrooms throughout Gloucester High School. R.21. They also raised doors and walls around the bathroom stalls, and installed partitions between urinals, in an effort to minimize the exposure individuals may experience in restroom facilities. Id. While these new policy measures were put in place, it by no means restricted the very nature of using the restroom facilities, but rather imposed an adherence to using separate facilities that correspond with a persons sex at birth. As such, Respondent was by no means denied the right to use the bathroom, nor was he encouraged or mandated to hold it in, but rather designated a separate restroom facility for convenience. Id. Respondent chose to avoid using the restroom in its entirety while present at school and as a result developed painful urinary infections and discomfort because of that choice. Id. Petitioner had every right under the scope of Title IX to enact its restroom policy, and in doing so, provided all students with an alternative facility that may be used by anyone and everyone, at any time. Its purpose was designed to accommodate everyone, including those, such as Respondent, who suffer from gender identity issues, and therefore Petitioner did not act in violation of Title IX. IV. Petitioners policy does not discriminate because it is within its authority under Title IX. Petitioners policy does not discriminate against Respondent because the plain language of Title IX does not prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity. Johnston v. Univ. of Pittsburgh of Com. System, 97 F.Supp.3d 657, 673 (W.D.Pa. 2015). To establish a prima facie case of discrimination under Title IX, Respondent must allege (1) that he was subjected to discrimination in an educational program; (2) that the program receives federal assistance; and (3) that the discrimination was on the basis of sex. Id. at 674; accord Bougher v. Univ. of Pittsburgh, 713 F.Supp. 139, 143-44 (W.D.Pa.1989). Here, Respondent cannot demonstrate that he was discriminated against based on sex. In dissecting the language under Title IX, the phrase on the basis of sex is construed to refer to a persons biological and anatomical sex assigned at birth. Title IX does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity, nor does it even refer to such language within the legislature. Here, however, there was no discrimination under either light. With regard to Respondents gender identity, Petitioner expressed immediate support when Respondent informed officials that he was transgender from the very beginning. R.11; R.16. Subsequently, school officials immediately changed Respondents name in the official school records and began referring to him using only male pronouns. R.16. Furthermore, Respondent was permitted to use the boys restroom for almost two months before community concerns became vocal. R.17. Here, not only was Petitioner sensitive to Respondents requests and needs, but they were more than accommodating to ensure that Respondent felt comfortable within his educational environment. Petitioners restroom policy took into consideration both community and Respondents concerns. Ultimately, the policys intent is to increase both safety and privacy of all students so everyone feels as comfortable as possible using the restroom facilities. By providing all students with the option of an alternative, private single-stall restroom, the school sought to address everyones concerns of privacy. As such, the policy is, in and of itself, inclusive, not discriminatory, and Respondent cannot state such a claim. V. The restroom policy is motivated by a substantial interest. Petitioners restroom policy is motivated by a substantial interest to increase privacy and safety of all students. Petitioner implemented said restroom policy with the scope of addressing the entire communitys concerns, including Respondents, and provide an alternative solution to the dispute set forth. In Johnston, a transgender university student brought suit against the University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown for his expulsion on the basis of discrimination, following failure to comply with the universitys bathroom policy. Johnston, 97 F.Supp.3d at 664. There, the university argued that the reasoning behind their policy of segregating its bathroom and locker room facilities on the basis of birth sex is substantially related to a sufficiently important government interest.' Johnston, 97 F.Supp.3d 657 at 669; accord Glenn v. Brumby, 663 F.3d 1312, 1316 (11th Cir.2011) (quoting Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., Inc., 473 U.S. 432, 446-47, 105 S.Ct. 3249, 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985)). Further, they reasoned that their policy was needed to ensure the privacy of its students to disrobe and shower outside of the presence of members of the opposite sex, which was widely upheld by courts for this reason. Johnston, 97 F.Supp.3d 657 at 669; see Etsitty v. Utah Transit Auth., 502 F.3d 1215, 1224 (10th Cir.2007). Similarly, here, Petitioner inherently undertakes the administrative duty to protect the safety and privacy interests of all their students as an educational body, particularly here because, the students are minors, rather than adults, as in Johnston. Linnon v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 92, 752 S.E.2d 822, 826 (2014). For this reason, Petitioner has a substantial interest in protecting the safety and privacy of the minor children in its care. Moreover, all students have the right to privacy proscribed under the Constitution, and collectively, those rights outweigh the interests claimed by Respondent. Lee v. Downs, 641 F.2d 1117, 1119 (4th Cir. 1981). [WS1]Insert roadmap here under the first sub-issue and then continue with your argument

Revenge in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- The Tempest Essays

Revenge in Shakespeare's The Tempest The nucleus of the plot in Shakespeare's The Tempest revolves around Prospero enacting his revenge on various characters who have wronged him in different ways. Interestingly enough, he uses the spirit of Ariel to deliver the punishments while Prospero delegates the action. Prospero is such a character that can concoct methods of revenge but hesitates to have direct involvement with disillusioning his foes. In essence, Prospero sends Ariel to do his dirty work while hiding his involvement in shipwrecking his brother, Antonio, from his daughter, Miranda. Prospero, the "rightful" duke of Milan, primarily seeks revenge against two people, Antonio and Caliban. But, Prospero allows his anger toward them to trickle to the other castaways on the island. He encourages Ariel to separate Sebastian, Duke Alonso's brother, from his son Ferdinand during the raging sea storm, causing Sebastian to assume his son has drowned. (1.2.213-224) The other "drunkards" on the island also feel the brunt of Prospero's revenge against Caliban when Ariel tempts them with a banquet stocked with alcohol and then disillusions them into thinking the banquet was a figment of their imagination. (2.1) But why the tendency toward revenge in the first place? What was it about the personality and mental disposition of Prospero that caused him to lust for revenge against his brother, Antonio? And Caliban. Why couldn't Prospero overlook his social naà ¯vetà © when it came to handling a woman? (1.2.350) In this portion of the website, I will examine those questions and attempt to provide an answer and an insight into the psychology of Prospero. Further, I will examine the relationship between Pr... ...Melancholia in English Literature from 1508 to 1642. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan-State University Press. 1951. 2. Bowers, Fredson. Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy. Princeton University Press. 1940. 3. Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. 1990. 4. Dillon, Janette. Shakespeare and the Solitary Man. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. 1981. 5. Draper, John W. The Humors and Shakespeare's Characters. New York: AMS Press. 1965. 6. Hallett, Charles A. and Elaine S. The Revenger's Madness. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press. 1980. 7. Kahn, Coppe`lia. Man's Estate: Masculinity Identity in Shakespeare. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1981. 8. Jardine, Lisa. Still Harping on Daughters. Sussex: The Harvester Press. 1983.